• Nuclear family
• Divorce nonexistent
• Marriages arranged for economic reasons.
• Prostitution in urban areas
• Ave. age for men: mid-late 20s
• Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old.
• Church encouraged cult of paternal care.
• Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage.
• Manners shaped men to please women.
• Relative sexual equality

• Nuclear family
• Divorce available in certain cases
• More prostitution
• Marriages still based on economics but increasingly more romantic.
• Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for women.
• Increased infanticide.
• Low rate of illegitimate births.
• Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth slows until 1750.

• Nuclear family
• Growth of Cottage Industry.
• Marriages based more on romance.
• Average age for marriage: late 20s or later; takes longer for couple to be ready economically for marriage.
• Many women don’t marry; "spinsters"
• Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850
• Increase in infanticide.
• Foundling hospitals created
• Young people increasingly worked away from home in the city.
• "Spare the rod, spoil the child."
• Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by Enlightenment.

• Ideal of romantic love now most important reason
• Fewer children per family; more love towards children
• Middle class more apt to consider economic reasons
• Many men married late
• Women closely monitored
• Sexual double standard
• Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in working classes
• Prostitution sought by middle & upper middle class men
• Freud: early childhood vital
• Lower class kids less dependent on parents financially than middle class kids

• Status of upper-class women better than in next two centuries.

• Status of upper-class women declines in Renaissance.
• Most women not affected by Renaissance.
• Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men.
• Sexual double standard
• Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castaglione)
• Rape not considered serious crime.
• Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is in the home.
• Catholic orders for women grew.

• Protestant women still expected to manage the home.
• Upper-class Catholic women had self-development options in religious orders.

• After 1850, increasingly separate spheres: men worked in factories; women stayed at home.
• By late-19^th century, women worked outside the home only in poor families
• Middle class women began working to organize and expand their rights

• Mostly for upper-classes

• Protestantism spurred increased education for boys and girls.
• Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to improved education

• Increase among middle class

• Dominated by Catholic Church
• Reform movements: Wyclif and Hus.
• Some persecution of witches

• Protestant Reformation
• Catholic Counter Reformation
• Religious wars
• "New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs take control of national churches.
• Major persecution of alleged witches.

• Protestant "Pietism" in Germany.
• Rise of Methodism
• Catholic piety remains.
• Decrease in witch hunts

• Rerum Novarum
• Syllabus of Errors
• Kulturkampf
• Increased emphasis on morality among middle class
• Decline among urban working classes.

• Poor harvests created malnutrition.
• Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of population.

• Poor life expectancy (about 25 years)
• Price Revolution = less food consumption due to higher prices (until about 1650).
• Bread is staple food for poor classes.
• Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat.
• Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of Europe.

• Improved diet: more vegetables (esp. potato).
• Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35 years.
• Major advances in control of plague and disease (esp. Small Pox—Edward Jenner)
• William Harvey: Circulation of Blood
• Development of public health
• Hospital reform
• Reform for mental health institutions

• Public Health Movement: Bentham & Chadwick
• Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ theory"
• Antiseptic (Lister)
• Increased life expetancy
• Significant decline in infant mortality after 1890
• Poor living conditions in cities

• Feudalism dominated most of Europe.

• Population growth began in 16^th century until about 1650.
• Cities grew faster than rural areas.
• Two major hierarchies existed:

Countryside: landlords, peasants,

landless laborers

Urban: merchants, artisans,

laborers

Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil

servants fit awkwardly in both

hierarchies.

• Advancement up the hierarchy possible through education.
• Enclosure movement
• Putting out system
• Serfdom in eastern Europe

• Cottage Industry in rural areas.
• Growth of cities.
• Serfdom in eastern Europe.

• Increased standard of living for average person; higher wages
• Society more diverse and less unified

• Upper Middle Class:

• Diversified middle class groups

• Lower Middle Class:

Lower Class: (80% of population)

• Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled handicraft trades
• Semi skilled: Craftspeople
• Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants

• Few Africans lived in Europe.

• African slavery introduced.
• Dramatic increase in slave trade in New World.

• Still exists in Portuguese, Spanish and British empires.

• Ends in Latin America as Spanish and Portuguese leaders are overthrown and Latin American countries become independent.
• Britain ends slavery in 1833
• France ends slavery in 1848
• Remains in U.S. until 1865